EarthStation1 MediaOutlet News: Today's 15% Off Specials & #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Titles At EarthStation1.com!

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Appointment With Destiny: The Crucifixion Of Jesus MP4 Download Or DVD
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 2026: Tuesday Before Easter: -- Religion: The History Of Religion: Abrahamic Religions: Christianity: Lent (Latin: Quadragesima, "Fortieth"): Holy Week (Holy And Great Week, Passion Week): Holy Tuesday (Great And Holy Tuesday, Holy And Great Tuesday, Great Tuesday, Fig Tuesday): -- According to the gospels, on this day, the fourth day of Holy Week in Eastern Christianity -- following after Lazarus Saturday, Palm Sunday and Holy Monday -- and the third day of Holy Week in Western Christianity, after Palm Sunday and Holy Monday -- Holy Tuesday commemorates the day Jesus returned to Jerusalem from Bethany, passing a barren fig tree on the way. From this two different accounts emerge in the gospels: 1) The Cursing Of The Fig Tree, reported in the Gospel of Mark 11:12-25, and Matthew 21:18-22, and 2) The Parable Of The Barren Fig Tree, reported in the Gospel of Luke 13:6-9. This cursing is presented as a miracle in connection with the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, and in the Gospel of Luke as a parable. The image is taken from the Old Testament symbol of the fig tree representing Israel, and the cursing of the fig tree in Mark and Matthew and the parallel story in Luke are thus symbolically directed against the Jews, who have not accepted Jesus as Messiah. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Armenian Apostolic church and those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite, the Church commemorates The Parable Of The Ten Virgins (Matthew 25:1-13), and The Parable Of The Talents (Matthew 25:14-30). The Parable Of The Ten Virgins (The Parable Of The Wise And Foolish Virgins, The Parable Of The Ten Bridesmaids), is according to Matthew 25:1-13 a parable where ten virgins await a bridegroom; five have brought enough oil for their lamps for the wait, while the oil of the other five runs out. The five virgins who are prepared for the bridegroom's arrival are rewarded, while the five who went to buy further oil miss the bridegroom's arrival and are disowned. The parable has a clear eschatological theme: be prepared for the Day of Judgement. It was one of the most popular parables in the Middle Ages and had influence on Gothic art, sculpture and the architecture of German and French cathedrals. The Parable Of The Talents (The Parable Of The Minas, The Parable Of The Pounds) appears in Matthew 25:14-30 and Luke 19:11-27. In Matthew, the opening words link the parable to the preceding Parable Of The Ten Virgins, which refers to the Kingdom of Heaven; the version in Luke is also called The Parable Of The Pounds. In both Matthew and Luke, a master puts his servants in charge of his goods while he is away on a trip. Upon his return, the master assesses the stewardship of his servants. He evaluates them according to how faithful each was in making wise investments of his goods to obtain a profit. It is clear that the master sought some profit from the servants' oversight. A gain indicated faithfulness on the part of the servants. The master rewards his servants according to how each has handled his stewardship. He judges two servants as having been "faithful" and gives them a positive reward. To the single "unfaithful" servant, who avoided even the safe profit of bank interest, a negative compensation is given. A thematically variant parable appears in the non-canonical Gospel Of The Hebrews, wherein the servant who hid his money from his cruel master is rebuked, but presented as more righteous than the wealthiest servant, who squandered his money and was cast into darkness. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/appointment-with-destiny-the-crucifixion-of-jesus-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Eleanor Roosevelt Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: Women's History Month: -- The last day of the annual month-long celebration of the contributions of women to events in history and contemporary society. It is celebrated during March in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, corresponding with International Women's Day on March 8, and during October in Canada, corresponding with the celebration of Persons Day on October 18. Every year in the United States, March is designated Women's History Month by Presidential proclamation. Women's History Month began as a local celebration in Santa Rosa, California. The Education Task Force of the Sonoma County Commission on the Status of Women planned and executed a "Women's History Week" celebration in California in 1978. The organizers selected the week of March 8 to correspond with International Women's Day. The movement spread across the country as other communities initiated their own Women's History Week celebrations the following year. In 1980, a consortium of women's groups and historians, led by the National Women's History Project (now the National Women's History Alliance), successfully lobbied for national recognition. In February 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued the first Presidential Proclamation declaring the Week of March 8th 1980 as National Women's History Week. Subsequent Presidents continued to proclaim a National Women's History Week in March until 1987, when Congress passed Public Law 100-9, designating March as "Women's History Month." Between 1988 and 1994, Congress passed additional resolutions requesting and authorizing the President to proclaim March of each year as Women's History Month. Since 1995, each president has issued an annual proclamations designating the month of March as "Women's History Month." The National Women's History Alliance selects and publishes the yearly theme. The theme for Women's History Month in 2021 captures the spirit of these challenging times. Since many of the women's suffrage centennial celebrations originally scheduled for 2020 were curtailed, the National Women's History Alliance is extending the annual theme for 2021 to "Valiant Women of the Vote: Refusing to Be Silenced." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/eleanor-roosevelt-dvd-perspective-on-greatness-biography.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rita Rudner: Born To Be Mild Comedy Special MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: National She's Funny That Way Day: -- A special tribute to the humor of women - women who bring laughter, joy, and happiness into your lives. Did you know that National She's Funny That Way Day celebrates more than just celebrities? Yes, on this day, you can honor, celebrate, and appreciate humorous women, including your family members, friends, and co-workers. And of course, you should also appreciate professional female comedians. We all love anything that gives us a great belly laugh so hats off to all the women who make us laugh out loud. We all love to laugh and have a good time, and some even go further: they're literally paid to make people laugh. It is true that laughter is the best medicine, as it helps heal our saddened and depressed minds and brings happiness and joy into our lives. But how do we appreciate the people - especially women - who make us laugh and enjoy ourselves? On National She's Funny That Way Day, people across the world come together to pay tribute to the women who make us laugh, and appreciate them for their humor and their craft. Everyone should have his or her own favorite female comedian, and this is the day to celebrate them. The history of women and comedy goes back to the eighteenth century when women began acting in public comedies. In those days, women in comedy were made to fulfill such roles as mother or housewife, which appealed to men's comedic tastes. But women were never fully accepted and often had difficulties performing and getting reservations for public performances. After a few decades, in the twentieth century, female comedians were better able to enter the scene. After all these years, in this modern world, despite having more freedom in comedy, women still face obstacles. National She's Funny That Way Day is based on the novel written by Brenda Meridith. titled "She's Funny That Way." This is why the first anniversary of this special holiday coincides with the release of the novel She's Funny That Way in 2003. On this day, people honor women, especially female comedians, by narrating their jokes and by watching their stand-up comedies, watching T.V. shows and movies, and reading their books. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/rita-rudner-born-to-be-mild-comedy-special-mp4-video-download-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Leonardo da Vinci Documentary DVD MP4 Video Download USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: International Ideas Month -- The last day of the annual month-long encouragement to people to recognize the potential of their ideas. The idea of well, an idea, seems simple, and most fade before they even take off, but change and innovation all begin with something simple. Some of the most impressive inventions of the modern world started with an idea. Gadgets and devices, such as smartphones, are complex and did not spring up overnight. How often do you have a great idea? While you do your laundry or other daily chores? Did it enter your mind when you first woke up, then later you couldn't remember what it was? Do you have to think hard to kick-start an idea so you leave it halfway through, assuming it isn't worth the effort? Each one of us is capable of generating unique ideas. We probably don't even realize it but have already thought up a few brilliant concepts with great potential. Unfortunately, most of us dismiss these as passing thoughts and nothing more. Think about it - out of the millions of ideas an individual gets, countless could improve lives and result in something extraordinary. It doesn't help either that the hustle and bustle of daily life consumes us and prevents us from working on our ideas. And while determination and consistency can make the unthinkable happen, many people just let their ideas slip away while they remain confined to their routines. This International Ideas Month, it's time to make big things happen from small ideas. Don't worry much about the execution - pen down your ideas, brainstorm them, and throw them around with your friends to make them happen. There is an entire month to gather the best of our ideas and perfect them. Make sure you always have a notebook handy to jot down your thoughts on the go and scribble down your genius ideas. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/leonardo-da-vinci-documentary-dvd-mp4-video-download-usb-flash-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Teenage Dating Films 1946-1958 DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: National Prom Day: -- An annual celebration to honor the ultimate high school experience of a typical American teenager - prom night! As we walk down memory lane and remember the tuxedos, corsages, the friendly limo driver, and the sentimental parents wiping away tears, let's also take a moment to remember the friendship, the joy, and the excitement of that unforgettable, once-in-a-lifetime event. To honor our memories of prom, PromGirl established National Prom Day in 2016. Prom originated as a collegiate co-ed event to foster etiquette amongst a brand new cohort of university graduates. The earliest mention of the event can be found in the diary of an Amherst College student, who journaled about his prom experience at the neighboring university. As the decades passed, the event was celebrated by high school students. By the 1930s, high schools across the country began marking the end of the year with some kind of celebration, be it a Spring Fling, or a formal. The changing waters of a progressing society began reflecting in prom, as the event moved to nighttime and upgraded to a more lavish setting. But it wasn't until the 1950s when prom reached its peak. As the blossoming post-war economy and the golden era of Hollywood penetrated the American psyche, its effects were reflected in this annual celebration as well. Parents began bankrolling their kids' proms and year-end celebrations became an attraction point of public schools in the U.S. After a brief slump following the Vietnam War, prom nights were reintroduced into the cultural limelight with numerous depictions being featured in movies. In today's day and age, prom is a milestone that a high school kid crosses to enter the "real world." To commemorate this unique event, PromGirl, a teen fashion and prom outfit brand, established National Prom Day in 2016. In its inaugural year, PromGirl partnered with Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), an organization that educates kids about traffic safety, depression, bullying, and substance abuse. In the following years, PromGirl has joined hands with The Garden of Dreams and many other youth-focused non-profits. The intention behind creating this holiday is to honor the transformative experience of prom and to raise awareness about the struggles encumbering the American youth. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/teenage-dating-films-194619461958.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Roaring Twenties: 1920s History Documentary DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: Dance Marathon Day: -- Dance Marathon Day is celebrated on March 31 every year. It's a day when people gather at a social event to dance or walk for an extended period. There are only four rules: keep on moving; don't sleep; spectators are encouraged, and have fun! This 24-hour event may sound exhausting, but the shared sense of community and camaraderie among dancers are highlighted. What's more, it's for a good cause. Dance marathons are mainly fundraising events. There's no better way of having fun, staying fit, and supporting a good cause than participating in Dance Marathon Day. Dance Marathon Day has long existed since the jazzy and glitzy era of the 1920s. It was an American phenomenon where dancers were put to task for their strength, endurance, and sustenance in a 24-hour movement challenge. Couples competed for a grand cash prize by continuously moving for hundreds of hours. Back then, competitors even went to great lengths as the contest lasted for a month or two. Dance marathons continued up until the 1930s as a coping mechanism for Americans during the Great Depression. People treated them as an escape and a source of fun and excitement during the direst of circumstances. But it's not just dancers - it's a good mix of seasoned professionals, amateurs, and marathoners participating in a round-the-clock motion competition. The popularity of these events quickly penetrated the zeitgeist of American culture and was soon celebrated in different cities such as Seattle, Wenatchee, Bellingham, and Spokane. However, this event wasn't fancied by all. During the height of its prominence, many people considered dance marathon events disruptive, disrespectful, and even sadistic. Despite its detractors and the controversies it attracted, the dance marathons survived the test of time and are still among the most popular American dance activities in modern times. Today, colleges and universities often conduct dance marathons as fundraising events for charities. This is due to the efforts of students dedicated to revamping this activity for a good cause. Schools like the University of Iowa, Iowa State University, and Augustana College help raise money for the Children's Miracle Network. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-roaring-twenties-dvd-1920s-history-documentary-dvd-mp4-usb-19204.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Labor Union Films Collection DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: National Farm Workers Day: -- A yearly tribute to the unsung heroes on a farm who are the hired workforce doing the tougher part of the job such as plowing fields, operator tractors, spreading fertilizers, and trimming hedges. The labor force on a farm plays a pivotal role in bringing crops to fruition. Employed on low wages, they work day and night, crouching on fields under the glaring sun in all kinds of climates. Without their relentless hard work and commitment, farmers wouldn't be able to grow, maintain, and harvest crops on such a large scale. So, on this day, we thank and glorify all farmworkers for making it possible to bring fresh produce to our tables in the face of increasing risks and challenges. Farm laborers had a horrible time on fields in the colonial era. Men and women were indentured servants captured by force or trickery with few rights and no promise of eventual freedom. By the 1600s, plantation owners, requiring more farmworkers, started enslaving African immigrants with crueler methods and no hope for liberty. As a result, when the American Revolution came, around 20% of the population in the 13 colonies were African American farm slaves. The expansion of the nation curbed the culture of farm slavery and the international slave trade but it took another 55 years, the Civil War, and a World War to put an end to this involuntary servitude. After the Civil War, California became the agricultural center to which farmworkers were imported from Asia. During the 1930s and World War II, the immigrant farmworkers shifted to Mexico. During the 1960s, the Mexican-American community organizer, farmworker, and civil rights activist Cesar Chavez cofounded the National Farm Workers Association, now called the United Farm Workers. The organization fights for the rights of migrant farmworkers and succeeded in its first mission with the historical 5-year Delano grape strike, eventually leading to long-overdue higher wages for grape pickers on grape farms in California. National Farm Workers Day might be a single day paying homage to the unrelenting efforts of farmworkers but should be an annual reminder of the bitter fact that farm labor continues to be taken for granted. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/labor-union-films-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America: The Second Century Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026

( #JCKaelin: Given recent revelations about Cesar Chavez, this date is being left in for historical purposes.) March 31: Cesar Chavez Day: -- Cesar Chavez Day on March 31 is a federal commemorative holiday, celebrated to honor the enduring legacy of the American labor rights hero. The day was initiated by former President Barack Obama in 2014. Born to migrant laborers, Chavez's early life experiences shaped his leftist ideology and made him the face of the 1960s labor movement. Through his persistent efforts and non-violent protests, he became America's lightning rod. On March 31, union members and community leaders come together to celebrate the life of this American icon and take inspiration from his four decades of selfless service to the workers of the United States. Cesar Estrada Chavez was born on March 31, 1927, to a Mexican-American family in Yuma, Arizona. He spent his early years at a farm where his mother worked as a part-time laborer. As the Great Depression periled the states in the late 1930s, Chavez's family lost their homestead to foreclosure. Now a nomad in their own country, his family moved to California in search of a livelihood. The migration had a grave impact on Chavez, who dropped out of school soon after and began working in the fields. In 1946, he joined the navy and served for two years. After his discharge, he rejoined farmwork, got married, and settled in Delano, California. After living a life of instability, low wages, and no ownership, Chavez began questioning the rationality behind his lack of accumulated wealth after years of hard work and dedication. His quest for answers led him down the path of grassroots organizing. In 1952, he became a mobilizer for a Latino civil rights group called the Community Service Organization (C.S.O.). Chavez spent the next decade of his life fighting against racial and economic discrimination. He encouraged his community members to participate in democracy and led hundreds of voter registration drives. He later became the national director of C.S.O. After a dispute within the organization, Chavez resigned from his post in 1962 and joined hands with Dolores Huerta. Together, they founded the National Farm Workers Association. He spent the following years of his life involved in regular protests, strikes, and participating in labor uprisings throughout the country. Inspired by Gandhi's principles of non-violence, he led hundreds of sit-in protests and hunger strikes. Chavez passed away in 1993. Later that year, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. Even after decades of his passing, he continues to inspire human rights activists everywhere and is a folk hero for millions of Americans. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/america-the-second-century-us-2nd-100-years-history-621006.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: La Belle Epoque 1890-1914 DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31: Eiffel Tower Day: -- March 31, 1889: Grand Openings: Building Openings: -- The Eiffel Tower is officially opened, a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. Constructed from 1887-89 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticized by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. The tower is 1,063 ft tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct. The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 906 f) above the ground, the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift (elevator) to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/la-belle-epoque-18901914-western-high-society-cul18901914.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Longest Hatred: Antisemitism & Jewish Persecution DVD, MP4, USB
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1492: Discrimination: Jewish History: Expulsions And Exoduses Of Jews: The Alhambra Decree (The Edict Of Expulsion, The Edict Of Expulsion Of Jews From Spain): -- Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II Of Aragon, the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain, issue the Alhambra Decree, also known as the Edict Of Expulsion (Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada), which orders that their 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects must convert to Christianity or face expulsion from their territories and possessions by July 31 of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large former Jewish converso (coverted to Christianity, "New Christians") population, and to thereby ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391; due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. A further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra Decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled, an unknown number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion. This led to Mass migration of Jews from Spain to Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean Basin. This can be seen with Jewish Surnames as they began to show up in Italy and Greece at this time, like Faraggi, Farag and Farachi a surname which orignates from the Spanish City of Fraga. The edict was formally and symbolically revoked on December 16, 1968, following the Second Vatican Council. This was a full century after Jews had been openly practicing their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom. In 1924, the regime of Primo de Rivera granted Spanish citizenship to the entire Sephardic Jewish diaspora. In 2014, the government of Spain passed a law allowing dual citizenship to Jewish descendants who apply, to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past." Thus, Sephardi Jews who can prove they are the descendants of those Jews expelled from Spain because of the Alhambra Decree can "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-longest-hatred-antisemitism-amp-jewish-persecution-dvd-mp3-us3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Stations Of Bach DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1685: #BOTD: #HBD! Johann Sebastian Bach, German organist and composer of the Baroque period (d. July 28 ,1750) is #born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany. Johann Sebastian Bach is known for instrumental compositions such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Goldberg Variations, and vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century Bach Revival he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. The Bach family already counted several composers when Johann Sebastian was born as the last child of a city musician in Eisenach. From 1703 he was working as a musician for Protestant churches in Arnstadt and Muhlhausen and, for longer stretches of time, at courts in Weimar, where he expanded his repertoire for the organ, and Koethen, where he was mostly engaged with chamber music. From 1723 he was employed as Thomaskantor (cantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig. He composed music for the principal Lutheran churches of the city, and for its university's student ensemble Collegium Musicum. From 1726 he published some of his keyboard and organ music. In Leipzig, as had happened in some of his earlier positions, he had a difficult relation with his employer, a situation that was little remedied when he was granted the title of court composer by the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland in 1736. In the last decades of his life he reworked and extended many of his earlier compositions. Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France. He died in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany of complications after eye surgery, aged 65. Bach was originally buried at Old St. John's Cemetery in Leipzig. His grave went unmarked for nearly 150 years, but in 1894 his remains were located and moved to a vault in St. John's Church. This building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II, so in 1950 Bach's remains were taken to their present grave in St. Thomas Church. Later research has called into question whether the remains in the grave are actually those of Bach. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-stations-of-bach-dvd-johann-sebastion-bach-documentary.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Bigot Songs: Ethnic Prejudice Audio Recordings CD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1732: #BOTD: #HBD! Joseph Haydn, Austrian pianist and composer of the Classical period (d. 1809) is #born Franz Joseph Haydn in Rohrau, Austria, a village that at that time stood on the border with Hungary. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterhazy family at their remote estate. Until the later part of his life, this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". Yet his music circulated widely, and for much of his career he was the most celebrated composer in Europe. He was a friend and mentor of Mozart, a tutor of Beethoven, and the older brother of composer Michael Haydn. Joseph Haydn died peacefully in his own home at 12:40 a.m., aged 77, having suffered from weakness, dizziness, inability to concentrate and painfully swollen legs since 1803. On June 15, a memorial service was held in the Schottenkirche at which Mozart's Requiem was performed. Haydn's remains were interred in the local Hundsturm cemetery until 1820, when they were moved to Eisenstadt by Prince Nikolaus. His head took a different journey; it was stolen by phrenologists shortly after burial, and the skull was reunited with the other remains only in 1954, now interred in a tomb in the north tower of the Bergkirche. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/bigot-songs-mp3-cd-ethnic-prejudice-audio-recording3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Genius That Was China Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1854: The History Of Japan: Japan-United States Relations: The Tokugawa Shogunate (The Edo Shogunate): The Convention Of Kanagawa (The Kanagawa Treaty [Japanese: Kanagawa Joyaku], The Japan-US Treaty Of Peace And Amity [Japanese: Nichibei Washin Joyaku]): -- Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Convention Of Kanagawa with the Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. The Convention Of Kanagawa was the first treaty between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate, and thereby, the first treaty between The United States and The Empire Of Japan. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku), by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty also precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other Western powers. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-genius-that-was-china-dvd-tv-documentary-series-2-disc-se2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Ballet Russe: The Paris Opera Ballet Serge Diaghilev DVD MP4 USB
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1872: #BOTD: #HBD! Sergei Diaghilev, usually referred to outside Russia as Serge Diaghilev, Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and producer, founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise (d. August 19, 1929) is #born Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev into a wealthy and cultured family in Selishchi, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire; his father, Pavel Pavlovich, was a cavalry colonel, but the family's money came mainly from vodka distilleries. After the death of Sergei's mother, his father married Elena Valerianovna Panaeva, an artistic young woman who was on very affectionate terms with her stepson and was a strong influence on him. The family lived in Perm but had an apartment in Saint Petersburg and a country estate in Bikbarda (near Perm). In 1890, Sergei's parents went bankrupt, having for a long time lived beyond their means, and from that time Sergei (who had a small income inherited from his mother) had to support the family. In 1905 he organized a huge exhibition of Russian portrait painting at the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg, having travelled widely through Russia for a year discovering many previously unknown masterpieces of Russian portrait art. In the following year he took a major exhibition of Russian art to the Petit Palais in Paris. It was the beginning of a long involvement with France. In 1907 he presented five concerts of Russian music in Paris, and in 1908 mounted a production of Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov, starring Feodor Chaliapin, at the Paris Opera. This led to an invitation to return the following year with ballet as well as opera, and thus to the launching of his famous Ballets Russes, and their first night on May 19, 1909 was a sensation. The company included the best young Russian dancers, among them Anna Pavlova, Adolph Bolm, Vaslav Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina and Vera Karalli. Sergei Diaghilev died of diabetes in Venice, Italy, aged 57. His tomb is on the nearby island of San Michele, near to the grave of Stravinsky, in the Orthodox section. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-ballet-russe-a-la-the-paris-opera-ballet-dvd-serge-diaghilev.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: RMS Titanic Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1878: #BOTD: #HBD! Jack Johnson, African American boxer nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", for a time the most famous and most notorious African American alive who, at the height of the Jim Crow era, became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion, widely regarded as one of the most influential boxers of all time (d. June 10, 1946) is #born John Arthur Johnson in Galveston, Texas. His 1910 fight against James J. Jeffries was dubbed the "fight of the century". Transcending boxing, he became part of the culture and history of racism in the United States. In 1912, Johnson opened a successful and luxurious "black and tan" (desegregated) restaurant and nightclub, which in part was run by his wife, a white woman. Major newspapers of the time soon claimed that Johnson was attacked by the government only after he became famous as a black man married to a white woman, and was linked to other white women. Johnson was arrested on charges of violating the Mann Act-forbidding one to transport a woman across state lines for "immoral purposes"-a racially motivated charge that embroiled him in controversy for his relationships, including marriages, with white women. Sentenced to a year in prison, Johnson fled the country and fought boxing matches abroad for seven years until 1920 when he served his sentence at the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth. On May 24, 2018, Johnson was formally pardoned by U.S. President Donald Trump. Folksinger and blues singer Lead Belly referenced Johnson in a song about the Titanic: "Jack Johnson wanna get on board, Captain said I ain't hauling no coal. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well. When Jack Johnson heard that mighty shock, mighta seen the man do the Eagle rock. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well" (The Eagle Rock was a popular dance at the time). In 1969, American folk singer Jaime Brockett reworked the Lead Belly song into a satirical talking blues called "The Legend of the S.S. Titanic." There is no convincing evidence that Johnson was in fact refused passage on the Titanic because of his race, as these songs allege. Johnson's story is the basis of the play The Great White Hope and its 1970 film adaptation, starring James Earl Jones as "Jack Jefferson", and Jane Alexander as his love interest. Both Jones and Alexander won Tonys and were nominated for Oscars. Jack Johnson died in a high-speed car crash with a telegraph pole on U.S. Highway 1 near Franklinton, North Carolina, after driving angrily away from a segregated diner that had refused to serve him. Though his friend survived the high-speed collision, Johnson was taken to the nearest black hospital, Saint Agnes Hospital, 25 miles away in Raleigh, where he died of his injuries at the age of 68. Johnson was buried next to his first wife, Etta Duryea Johnson who died of suicide in 1912, at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. His grave was initially unmarked, but later it was marked with a large stone which only bore the name "Johnson." This marker was added to with a new marker after Ken Burns released a film about Johnson's life in 2005, which read "Jack / John A. Johnson / 1878-1946" [front] "First black heavyweight / champion of the world". Johnson's signature is on the back of the stone. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/titanic-documentaries-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: WWII: US Pop Vs Third Reich Marching Songs MP3 Set DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1908: #BOTD: #HBD! Red Norvo, American xylophonist, marimbists, vibraphone player and composer (d. April 6,1999) is #born Kenneth Norville in Beardstown, Illinois. Red Norvo was one of jazz's early vibraphonists, known as "Mr. Swing". He helped establish the xylophone, marimba, and vibraphone as jazz instruments. His recordings included "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse", "Knockin' on Wood", "Congo Blues", and "Hole in the Wall". His career began in Chicago with a band called "The Collegians" in 1925. He played with many other bands, including an all-marimba band on the vaudeville circuit, and the bands of Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman, Charlie Barnet, and Woody Herman. He recorded with Mildred Bailey (his wife from 1933 to 1942), Billie Holiday, Dinah Shore and Frank Sinatra. Norvo and his wife were known as "Mr. and Mrs. Swing." He appeared as himself in the film Screaming Mimi (1958) and in Ocean's 11, accompanying Dean Martin while he sang "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" In 1933, he recorded two sessions for Brunswick under his own name. The first, "Knockin' on Wood" and "Hole in the Wall", pleased Brunswick's recording director Jack Kapp, and Norvo was booked for another session. This time, Kapp was out of town but Norvo went ahead and recorded two early pieces of chamber jazz: "In a Mist" by Bix Beiderbecke and Norvo's own "Dance of the Octopus". He played marimba instead of xylophone in the second session, accompanied by Benny Goodman in a rare performance on bass clarinet, Dick McDonough on guitar, and Artie Bernstein on double bass. Kapp was outraged when he heard the recordings and tore up Norvo's contract. Nevertheless, this modern record remained in print through the 1930s. Norvo recorded eight modern swing sides for Columbia in 1934-1935, and fifteen sides for Decca and their short-lived Champion label series in 1936. Starting in 1936 through 1942, Norvo formed a swing orchestra and recorded for ARC, first on their Brunswick label, then Vocalion and Columbia after CBS bought ARC. The recordings featured arrangements by Eddie Sauter, often with Mildred Bailey as vocalist. In 1938, Red Norvo and His Orchestra reached number one with their recordings of "Please Be Kind", which was number one for two weeks, and "Says My Heart", with lead vocals by Bailey, which was number one for four weeks on the pop charts, reaching number one during the week of June 18, 1938. In June 1945, while a member of the Benny Goodman Sextet, he recorded a session for Comet Records employing members of Goodman's group, as well as Charlie Parker, and Dizzy Gillespie. About the session Norvo said: "Bird and Diz were dirty words for musicians of my generation. But jazz had always gone through changes and in 1945 we were in the middle of another one. Bird and Diz were saying new things in an exciting way. I had a free hand, so I gambled". In 1949, while trying to find work near home on the West Coast and running into difficulties with large groups, Norvo formed a trio with the novel combination of vibes, guitar, and bass. When the original guitarist and bassist quit (Mundell Lowe and Red Kelly), he brought in two previously little-known players. Tal Farlow became one of the most significant of the new generation of guitarists, in part because the demands of the trio led him to explore changes in tempo and harmony. Charles Mingus's career as a bass player developed via this group through his virtuoso musicianship, though its repertoire was unconnected to his later career. Mingus left in 1951 and Red Mitchell replaced him. Farlow left the group in 1953 and guitarist Jimmy Raney took his place. The Norvo, Farlow, and Mingus trio recorded two albums for Savoy Records. In 1959, Norvo's group played concerts in Australia with Frank Sinatra; Blue Note released these recordings in 1997. Norvo and his group also made several appearances on The Dinah Shore Chevy Show in the late 1950s and early '60s. Red Norvo's instrumental compositions include "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse" (with Irving Mills and Teddy Wilson), "The Night is Blue", "A Cigarette and a Silhouette", "Congo Blues", "Seein' Red", "Blues in E Flat", "Hole in the Wall", "Knockin' on Wood", "Decca Stomp", "Tomboy", and "1-2-3-4 Jump". Norvo recorded and toured throughout his career until a stroke in the mid-1980s forced him into retirement (although he developed hearing problems long before his stroke). He died at a convalescent home in Santa Monica, California at the age of 91. He is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Santa Monica. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/wwii-us-pop-and-third-reich-marching-songs-mp3-dv3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Minnie The Moocher And Many Many More DVD, Video Download, Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1911: #BOTD: #HBD! Freddie Green, African American swing jazz guitarist who played rhythm guitar with the Count Basie Orchestra for almost fifty years (d. March 1, 1987) is #born Frederick William Green in Charleston, South Carolina. He was exposed to music from an early age, and learned the banjo before picking up the guitar in his early teenage years. A friend of his father by the name of Sam Walker taught a young Freddie to read music, and keenly encouraged him to keep up his guitar playing. Walker gave Freddie what was perhaps his first gig, playing with a local community group of which Walker was an organizer. Another member of the group was William "Cat" Anderson, who went on to become an established trumpeter, working with notable figures such as Duke Ellington. It was around this time that Green's parents died, and he moved to New York City to live with his aunt and continue his education. The move opened up a new musical world to Freddie. While still in his teens, he began to play around the clubs of the city, earning money and a reputation. In one of these gigs, he was noticed by the legendary talent scout John H. Hammond, who realized the potential of Green and introduced him to Basie. In 1937, Basie and his ensemble went to one of Green's gigs on the advice of an associate. Basie was an immediate fan, and approached Green with a job offer. Except for a brief interruption, Freddie Green would remain a pivotal fixture of the Count Basie Band for the next fifty years. Green once said "You should never hear the guitar by itself. It should be part of the drums so it sounds like the drummer is playing chords - like the snare is in A or the hi-hat in D minor". Throughout his career, Green played rhythm guitar, accompanying other musicians, and he rarely played solos. "His superb timing and ... flowing sense of harmony ... helped to establish the role of the rhythm guitar as an important part of every rhythm section." Green did play a solo on the January 16, 1938, Carnegie Hall concert that featured the Benny Goodman big band known as "The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert". In the jam session on Fats Waller's "Honeysuckle Rose," Green was the rhythm guitarist for the ensemble, which featured Basie, Walter Page (Basie's bassist), and musicians from Duke Ellington's band. After Johnny Hodges' solo, Goodman signalled to Green to take his own solo, which the musician Turk Van Lake described in his commentary on the reissued 1938 Carnegie Hall concert as a "startling move." He rapidly changed chords, often with every beat, rather than every measure. His chord fingering often involved him covering four strings with his fingers, while depressing only a subset of the notes. He dampened the unsounded notes from chords with his left hand. Green's playing on his signature Stromberg guitar was the model for Ralph Patt's big-band playing. Green was not a prolific composer, but he did make two major contributions to Count Basie's repertoire, "Down for Double" (recorded in 1941) and "Corner Pocket" (recorded for the album April in Paris in 1955). Green died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 75. He is buried in Pinelawn Memorial Park And Arboretum in East Farmingdale, New York. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/minnie-the-moocher-and-many-many-more-dvd-1983-cab-call1984.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Final Days: Richard Nixon TV Docudrama DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1922: #BOTD: #HBD! Richard Kiley, American singer, stage, television, and film actor (d. March 5, 1999) is #born Richard Paul Kiley in Chicago, Illinois. Richard Kiley is best known for his distinguished theatrical career in which he twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor In A Musical. Kiley created the role of Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha and was the first to sing and record "The Impossible Dream", the hit song from the show. In the 1953 hit musical Kismet, he played the Caliph and was one of the quartet introducing the song "And This Is My Beloved". Additionally, he won three Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards during his 50-year career and his "sonorous baritone" was also featured in the narration of a number of documentaries and other films. At the time of his death, Kiley was described as "one of theater's most distinguished and versatile actors" and as "an indispensable actor, the kind of performer who could be called on to play kings and commoners and a diversity of characters in between." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-final-days-dvd-1989-pres-nixon-resignation-docudrama-2-dis19892.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Great Depression Films Collection DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1933: The Interwar Period (The Interbellum, Between The Wars): The Great Depression: The Great Depression In The United States: The New Deal: New Deal Agencies: The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): -- The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States. On March 21, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the CCC to the US Congress. The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31, thereby founding the CCC. It was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men. Originally for young men ages 18-25, it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Through the course of its nine years in operation, 3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a wage of 30 USD (about 570 USD in 2017) per month, 25 USD of which had to be sent home to their families. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs. Sources written at the time claimed an individual's enrollment in the CCC led to improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources, and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources. Enrollees of the CCC planted nearly 3 billion trees to help reforest America; constructed trails, lodges, and related facilities in more than 800 parks nationwide; and upgraded most state parks, updated forest fire fighting methods, and built a network of service buildings and public roadways in remote areas. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Asians. Approximately 15,000 Native Asians participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was not a permanent agency. It depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/great-depression-films-2-dvd-se2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Machine That Changed The World The Computer + Bonus 3 MP4s Or DVDs
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1951: The History Of The Computer: The History Of The Computer Industry: The History Of Mainframe Computers: UNIVAC :UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) -- Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau. The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer design for business application produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the machine was simply known as "the UNIVAC". The first Univac was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951, and was dedicated on June 14 that year. The fifth machine (built for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission) was used by CBS to predict the result of the 1952 presidential election. With a sample of a mere 5.5% of the voter turnout, it famously predicted an Eisenhower landslide. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-machine-that-changed-the-world-the-computer-dvd-mp4-downloa4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Satellite Sky: The Space Race DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1966: Rocket Launches: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: Missions To The Moon: Space Probes: Lunar Space Probes: The Soviet Space Program: The Luna Programme (Pejorative: The Lunik Program): Outer Space Firsts: Luna 10 (Pejorative: Lunik 10, Lunik X): -- The lunar probe Luna 10 (Lunik 10), the first artificial satellite of the Moon, is launched by the Soviet Union at 10:48:00 GMT from Site 31/6 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan atop a Molniya-M 8K78M rocket. It was thereafter launched towards the Moon from an Earth-orbiting platform later that day, and the spacecraft entered lunar orbit on April 3, 1966, completing its first orbit 3 hours later (on April 4 Moscow time). Luna 10 was battery powered and operated for 460 lunar orbits and 219 active data transmissions before radio signals were discontinued on May 30, 1966. Luna 10 (E-6S series) or Lunik 10 was the tenth of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon. Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, its radiation belts, and the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial basalt rocks), cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of mass concentrations called "mascons" -- areas of high density below the mare basins that distort lunar orbital trajectories. Their discovery has usually been credited to the American Lunar Orbiter series. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-satellite-sky-dvd-cold-war-space-race-films.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Lyndon Johnson (1986) Laurence Luckinbill MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1968: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars: The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict, The Resistance War Against America): The Presidency Of Lyndon B. Johnson: Addresses To The Nation: Oval Office Addresses: The Oval Office Addresses Of Lyndon B. Johnson: Steps To Limit The War In Vietnam ("I Shall Not Seek, And I Will Not Accept, The Nomination Of My Party For Another Term As Your President"): -- American President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to the nation of "Steps To Limit The War In Vietnam" in a television address. At the conclusion of his speech, as a result of America's involvement the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson makes a surprise announcement: "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President." On January 30, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launched the Tet Offensive against South Vietnam's five largest cities, including Saigon and the U.S. embassy there and other government installations. While the Tet offensive failed militarily, it was a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's "most trusted person" in February, expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26 percent then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63 percent disapproved. Johnson agreed to increase the troop level by 22,000, despite a recommendation from the Joint Chiefs for ten times that number. By March 1968, Johnson was secretly desperate for an honorable way out of the war. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as "a loser" and proposed to "cut losses and get out". On March 31, Johnson spoke to the nation of "Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam". He then announced an immediate unilateral halt to the bombing of North Vietnam and announced his intention to seek out peace talks anywhere at any time. At the close of his speech he also announced, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President". He then announced a bombing halt with the result that 90 percent of North Vietnam's population and 75 percent of its territory was off-limits to bombing. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/lyndon-johnson-dvd-1986-laurence-luckinbill-david-suss1986.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Subways Trains & Railroads! Rail Transport History DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026

March 31, 1980: The History Of Rail Transport (The History Of Railways): The History Of Rail Transportation In The United States: -- The Chicago, Rock Island And Pacific Railroad operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors. The original Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (C. R. I. & P. R. W.) sometimes called The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway) (reporting marks CRIP, RI, ROCK) was an American Class I railroad. It was also known as the Rock Island Line, or, in its final years, The Rock, and is best known to the general public in song as "The Rock Island Line", a spiritual folk song that appeared in 1929 and was first recorded in 1934 by folklorist and musicologist John A. Lomax at the Tucker, Arkansas prison farm on September 29, 1934 of Lead Belly (Huddie William Ledbetter). At the end of 1970 it operated 7183 miles of road on 10669 miles of track, and operated though Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/subways-trains-and-railroads-locomotive-films-2-dual-layer-dvd2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Historical View A Legacy In Pictures JPG Image Set CD Download USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: Chronology: Calendars: The Months Of The Year: -- The month of March ends, the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on April 6, initially identical to March 25 in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22-28, Argei, celebrated on March 16-17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19-23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-historical-view-a-legacy-in-pictures-jpg-photo-cd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Propaganda Posters JPG Photo + MPG Video DVD-ROM, Download, USB Stick
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: National Tater Day: -- An annual day of love for potatoes! Bake 'em, boil 'em, fry 'em, mash 'em -- they will always taste heavenly! The versatility potatoes lend means that they are great for both salty and sweet cuisines, either elevating the taste of a dish or complimenting the accompanying flavors. This tubular vegetable also holds the credit of solving food shortages, both in the old ages and the new. But at the same time, the vegetable has had its fair share of bad rep too. During a particularly bad food shortage, people in Germany refused to eat potatoes, which their king had made available in abundance. Germans at that time deemed it a 'lowly' food not deserving of their gastronomic cravings. The much-adored tater evolved from the nightingale plant almost 350 million years ago. But its earliest recorded instance in history is much later than that. Potatoes were first cultivated as food in the Peruvian Andes. Since potatoes grew best in higher altitude conditions, the crops were mostly planted atop a mountain valley, near Lake Titicaca. As centuries passed by, potatoes grew in popularity and trade due to their low-maintenance features and high nutritional values. It was due to the tubular vegetable's low-maintenance quality that they were being planted in larger and larger acres of land. This meant more food for people in the long run, and this is also the reason why potatoes were used by rulers and lords to solve food shortages amongst the masses. One interesting example is Prussia in the 1700s. The king, Frederick the Great, decreed potatoes to be given to the masses, especially the poor, as protection against famine. However, many refused the food as they considered taters to be disgusting. Seeing this, the king came up with a strategy and ordered the potato fields to be cordoned off and labeled as 'food for the royals.' But soon after, people 'stole' the potatoes for eating. The king's plan had worked and the masses were fed. More recently in tater history, people have been celebrating National Tater Day since 1843. Traders would come and exchange goods, particularly potato slips that allowed them to buy and grow the plant. This is the oldest trade convention ever known and celebrated. While it may have had its fair share of ups and downs, the tater is loved and enjoyed by many today. https://store.earthstation1.com/propaganda-posters-cd-jpg-images.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Speeches Of Winston Churchill MP3 & JPG Set CD-ROM Download USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: National Crayon Day: -- Spark fond memories of childhood creations in full color as we celebrate one of America's most beloved toys, the crayon, and the art created using crayons! Crayons delight our senses not just with their brilliant colors but also with their distinct smell, the feel of them in our hands, and for some kids, the waxy taste. With over 12 million crayons made daily, one is never far from reach. So, grab your box of 64 crayons, sharpener included, and get ready for some artistic expression and nostalgia. Crayons have a colorful history. While hued wax molds have existed for centuries, the modern-day crayon got its start in the 1900s. Crayola crayons were introduced in 1903 by Binney & Smith as a safer and cheaper alternative to the art utensils in use at that time. Binney & Smith premiered their famous eight-pack of crayons with the color line-up: Black, Brown, Orange, Violet, Blue, Green, Red, and Yellow. This color mix, along with their names, remained unchanged for 45 years. Since then, many colors have been added, color names and packaging have changed, and color styles such as neon, metallics, and glitter have emerged. A few colors have even been retired from the color wheel, typically on March 31. The Crayola crayon has a special place in the hearts of Americans and Americana. It was one of the original inductees into the National Toy Hall of Fame in November 1999. It is estimated the average American will have used 730 crayons by their 10th birthday. Even Mr. Fred Rogers has had his hand in the history of crayons by molding the official 100 billionth crayon in February 1996 at the Crayola plant in Easton. Crayons not only add color to our lives, but they've also been held as an analogy for the colorfulness of the human race and our ability to live together in a diverse world. Robert Fulghum, the American author, once said, "We could learn a lot from crayons; some are sharp, some are pretty, some are dull, while others bright, some have weird names, but they all have learned to live together in the same box." https://store.earthstation1.com/the-speeches-of-winston-churchill-mp3-cd--jpg-image-galler3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Timeline Middle Ages TV Newscast Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: Hug A Medievalist Day: -- A day to demonstrate love to medievalists. These are people who are greatly attracted to the art, culture, and philosophy of the middle ages in Europe. Medievalists are known to study this timeframe's architecture, literature, music, art, and all other aspects of culture. The idea of celebrating this day comes from Sarah Laseke, who is currently studying for an MS in Medieval Literature at the University of Oxford. She believed that medievalists also deserved an official celebration day, so she established the event on Facebook. Laseke wanted to create a day on which medievalists would be the center of attention. In European history, the medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages, lasted approximately from the fifth to the late fifteenth century. Beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it also transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is divided into the early, high, and late Middle Ages. In the Early Middle Ages, population decline, counter-urbanization, the collapse of centralized authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes occurred. The migration period's large-scale movements created new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, the population of Europe rose significantly due to technological and agricultural advancements that allowed trade to flourish, and the Medieval Warm Period climatic shift that allowed crop yields to increase. The Late Middle Ages was the most challenging period. It was marked by difficulties and calamities, including plague, famine, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe. The Black Death killed about a third of Europeans between 1347 and 1350. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church followed the kingdoms' interstate struggle, civil strife, and peasant revolts. Cultural and technological changes reshaped European society as the late middle ages came to an end and the early modern period began. https://store.earthstation1.com/timeline-tv-series-on-the-middle-ages-in-tv-newscast-format-2-dvd-se2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Pioneers Of Surgery Documentary TV Series DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: Anesthesia Tech Day: An annual honoring of the technologists and technicians for their contributions toward anesthesiology and healthcare. Anesthesiologists are integral members of the global medical field, and their efforts are unparalleled. It's a day of education for aspiring medical and healthcare professionals, a celebration of scientific breakthroughs, and fundraising for future research. Learn about the history of anesthesia, including the discoveries that made surgical treatment more comfortable for patients. The origin of anesthesia dates back to ancient times when Babylons, Greeks, and Chinese used natural herbs to be taken orally. Later in the 1200s, Italian physician and bishop Theodoric of Lucca used sponges soaked in mandrake plant extract and opium to relieve surgical pain. The breakthrough of actual medical anesthesia that we know today didn't come immediately. Throughout the centuries, patients who underwent surgery had to tolerate the pain or rely on opium, alcohol, or even a bullet to bite to relieve the agony. When the Civil War came, and soldiers had to undergo surgeries and amputations regularly, it was clear that developing more advanced anesthesia had to be a priority for medical professionals. The first surgical procedure that used anesthesia was in 1846. Dentist William T.G. Morton of Boston Massachusetts used sulfuric ether to anesthetize a patient for a vascular tumor removal surgery. Morton called this discovery 'Letheon' after the Lethe River of Greek mythology which was described as a powerful river that helps remove painful memories. He gained financial success after this discovery. The vast evolution took place in attempts to improve the performance of anesthesia in the medical field. This includes the discovery of laughing gas in 1844 and the successful use of cocaine as a spinal anesthetic in 1898. In 1902, Dr. Mathias J. Seifert of Chicago patented the terms 'anesthesiology' and 'anesthesiology.' Today, modern anesthesia is a standard tool for medicine and surgeries and tailored according to a patient's needs. From dentistry, and cosmetics, to general medicine, anesthesia has come a long way. https://store.earthstation1.com/pioneers-of-surgery-dvd-set-4-episode-tv-series-2-dis42.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Dead End Kids: A Story Of Nuclear Power Film Satire DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: National Bunsen Burner Day: -- Remembers the history of science and the inventor behind this important tool. Found in every high-school laboratory, the Bunsen Burner is a staple of our scientific education, as well as essential in professional laboratories, too. We've got all the facts, features, and fun activities to set your celebrations alight this National Bunsen Burner Day! obert Bunsen was born in Germany in 1811. His father was the chief librarian and professor of modern philology at the University of Gottingen where Bunsen later embarked on his undergraduate degree at the age of 17. He showed his aptitude for innovation early on and, within just two years, he had completed his Ph.D. and was offered a job there. Bunsen enjoyed a significant breakthrough at the young age of 22 when he discovered the antidote to arsenic poisoning. But the invention he is best known for today, the Bunsen burner, became his pursuit in 1852 when he took a job at the University of Heidelberg, where he was promised a new laboratory for his work and teaching. The building's designers intended to use gas throughout for lighting as well as the laboratory burners. But gas burners were problematic due to the heat of the flame, as well as their simplicity. So whilst the builders got to work on Bunsen's new lab, Bunsen himself also got to work designing a way to make gas burners more effective for laboratory use. He developed a gas-burning apparatus that would give different types of flame depending on the airflow, using Isaac Newton's principle of light refraction to give four flames of different colors and intensities. When the building opened in 1855, Bunsen had created 50 of his burners and, in 1857, he published a description of them so that his colleagues could adopt the design. Despite its success, he never patented the idea, as he believed that science should be for the benefit of all and not the profit of one. His design grew in popularity and is still used around the world today in schools and professional laboratories, hence the reason we celebrate National Bunsen Burner Day. https://store.earthstation1.com/dead-end-kids-a-story-of-nuclear-power-1986-dvd-history-sa1986.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Machine That Changed The World The Computer + Bonus 3 MP4s Or DVDs
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31: World Backup Day: -- We're fortunate enough to have access to the most powerful computers to date, but what would you do if you lost everything on your computer? Crashes happen more often than you think, data recovery can cost you hundreds of dollars, and recovering everything you've stored on your computer is not guaranteed. The observation originally started as World Backup Month, and later changed to World Backup Day. Maxtor, a company specializing in hard drives, initiated this annual celebration. Now taking place every year on March 31, World Backup Day reminds us to make multiple copies of our digital treasures, or risk losing them all forever. The day also serves to instill better online and technological practices. Considering how reliant humans are on technology now, we still haven't cultivated habits that will ensure that our information and personal data are secure and safe. It happens to all of us - that one precious photo or video that was captured to immortalize a moment, but it doesn't exist anymore. Broken hard drives, hacked computers, erratic phones, or any other glitch that erased irretrievable items, we've all experienced it. World Backup Day falls on the day before April Fools Day, which is perfect timing. Pranksters and hackers are prone to play jokes on unsuspecting individuals, so it's better to be safe than sorry. The holiday was observed for the first time in 2011 and over time, has become that one day when we won't say "we'll back it up tomorrow." https://store.earthstation1.com/the-machine-that-changed-the-world-the-computer-dvd-mp4-downloa4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Isaac Newton: Portraits Of Newton DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1727 (NS; March 20 OS): #DOTD: #RIP: Isaac Newton, English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, physicist and occultist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution (b. January 4, 1643 [Gregorian New Style Calendar]) #dies in his sleep of natural causes in London aged 84. He was given a ceremonial funeral, attended by nobles, scientists, and philosophers, and was buried in Westminster Abbey among kings and queens. He is also the first scientist to be buried in the abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. Sir Isaac Newton PRS was #born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System and demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's theoretical prediction that the Earth is shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, thus convincing most Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes. Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. Newton's work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, first published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian, who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and who, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, refused to take holy orders in the Church of England. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689-90 and 1701-02. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and he spent the last three decades of his life in London, serving as Warden (1696-1700) and Master (1700-1727) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703-1727). He died in his sleep in London, England, aged 84. He was given a ceremonial funeral, attended by nobles, scientists, and philosophers, and was buried in Westminster Abbey among kings and queens. He was the first scientist to be buried in the abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to his half-niece Catherine Barton and her husband John Conduitt, which whom Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England toward the end of his life. Shortly after his death, a plaster death mask was moulded of Newton. It was used by Flemish sculptor John Michael Rysbrack in making a sculpture of Newton. It is now held by the Royal Society, who created a 3D scan of it in 2012. Newton's hair was posthumously examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. #IsaacNewton #Mathematicians #Astronomers #Theologians #Physicists #NaturalPhilosophers #ScientificRevolution https://store.earthstation1.com/isaac-newton-portraits-of-newton-dvd-documentary.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Washington, D.C. History Video Set DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1948: #BOTD: #HBD! Al Gore, American soldier, politician, businessman, and environmentalist, elected official for 24 years, United States Senator from Tennessee, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, 45th Vice President Of The United States under President Bill Clinton, and Nobel Prize laureate, falsely accused of claiming to have invented the internet, Democratic nominee for president of the United States in the 2000 presidential election, an election which he actually won but lost it to George W. Bush when the United States Supreme Court ordered Florida not to do a recount that subsequently showed he would have won the electoral votes necessary to become president, is #born Albert Arnold Gore Jr. in Washington, D.C. as the second of two children born to Albert Gore Sr., a U.S. Representative who later served for 18 years as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline (LaFon) Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is a descendant of Scots Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War. Al Gore served as vice president during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001, defeating incumbents George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle in 1992, and Bob Dole and Jack Kemp in 1996. As of 2023, Gore's 1990 re-election remains the last time Democrats won a Senate election in Tennessee. Gore was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States in the 2000 presidential election - in which he lost the electoral college vote 266-271 to Republican nominee George W. Bush, despite winning the popular vote by approximately 543,895 votes. The election concluded after the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 5-4 in Bush v. Gore against a previous ruling by the Supreme Court of Florida on a re-count that would have likely given Gore a razor-thin lead in the state of Florida, had the re-count continued as planned. He is one of five presidential candidates in American history to lose a presidential election despite winning the popular vote. After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore is the founder and current chair of The Climate Reality Project, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management, the now-defunct Current TV network, a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc. and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, heading its climate change solutions group. He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University and the University of California, Los Angeles. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute. Gore has received a number of awards that include the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006, as well as its 2017 sequel An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year. In 2008, Gore won the Dan David Prize for Social Responsibility. https://store.earthstation1.com/washington-dc-history-videos-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Popul Vuh Maya Creation Myth + Bonus Fall Of The Maya DVD MP4 USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1999: #DOTD: #RIP: Yuri Knorozov, Soviet soldier, linguist, epigrapher, ethnographer and Mayanist, who is particularly renowned for the pivotal role his research played in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, recipient of the Order of the Aztec Eagle, the highest decoration awarded by Mexico to non-citizens (b. November 19, 1922) #dies in Saint Petersburg on March 31, 1999, of pneumonia in the corridors of a city hospital (his daughter Ekaterina Knorozova declares that he died in a regular hospital ward at 6 am, surrounded by the care of his family during his last days), just before he was due to receive the honorary Proskouriakoff Award from Harvard University. His burial details are not publicly disclosed. Yuri Knorozov was born Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov in the village Pivdenne near Kharkiv, at that time the capital of the newly formed Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. His parents were Russian intellectuals, and his paternal grandmother Maria Sakhavyan had been a stage actress of national repute in Armenia. At school, the young Yuri was a difficult and somewhat eccentric student, who made indifferent progress in a number of subjects and was almost expelled for poor and willful behaviour. However, it became clear that he was academically bright with an inquisitive temperament; he was an accomplished violinist, wrote romantic poetry and could draw with accuracy and attention to detail. In 1940 at the age of 17, Knorozov left Kharkiv for Moscow where he commenced undergraduate studies in the newly created Department of Ethnology at Moscow State University's department of History. He initially specialised in Egyptology. Knorozov's study plans were soon interrupted by the outbreak of World War II hostilities along the Eastern Front in mid-1941. From 1943 to 1945 Knorozov served his term in the second world war in the Red Army as an artillery spotter. At the closing stages of the war in May 1945, Knorozov and his unit supported the push of the Red Army vanguard into Berlin. It was here, sometime in the aftermath of the Battle of Berlin, that Knorozov retrieved a book from the German National Library which would spark his later interest in and association with deciphering the Maya script, a book which remarkably enough turned out to be a rare edition containing reproductions of the three Maya codices which were then known: the Dresden, Madrid and Paris codices. In 1952, the then 30-year-old Knorozov published a paper which was later to prove to be a seminal work in the field, "Ancient Writing of Central America". The general thesis of this paper put forward the observation that early scripts such as ancient Egyptian and Cuneiform which were generally or formerly thought to be predominantly logographic or even purely ideographic in nature, in fact contained a significant phonetic component. Upon the publication of this work from a then hardly known scholar, Knorozov and his thesis came under some severe and at times dismissive criticism. The situation was further complicated by Knorozov's paper appearing during the height of the Cold War, and many were able to dismiss his paper as being founded on misguided Marxist-Leninist ideology and polemic. Indeed, in keeping with the mandatory practices of the time, Knorozov's paper was prefaced by a foreword written by the journal's editor which contained digressions and propagandist comments extolling the State-sponsored approach by which Knorozov had succeeded where Western scholarship had failed. However, despite claims to the contrary by several of Knorozov's detractors, Knorozov himself never did include such polemic in his writings. Knorozov persisted with his publications in spite of the criticism and rejection of many Mayanists of the time. He was perhaps shielded to some extent from the ramifications of peer disputation, since his position and standing at the institute was not adversely influenced by criticism from Western academics. Prof. Michael D. Coe (May 14, 1929 - September 25, 2019), American archaeologist, anthropologist, epigrapher and author, among the foremost Mayanists of the modern era and known for his research on pre-Columbian Mesoamerica generally and the Maya particularly, wrote "Yuri Knorozov, a man who was far removed from the Western scientific establishment and who, prior to the late 1980s, never saw a Mayan ruin nor touch a real Mayan inscription, had nevertheless, against all odds, "made possible the modern decipherment of Maya hieroglyphic writing." As his theories became more widely known, Knorozov was in 1956 granted leave to attend an international convention of Mesoamerican scholars in Copenhagen. This was to be his one and only venture for quite some time, since as a Soviet academic, Knorozov was subject to the usual restrictions placed on travel abroad. Over subsequent years western Mayanists needed to travel to Leningrad to meet up with him. It was not until 1990 that he was eventually able to leave Russia again and finally visit the ancient Maya homelands and archaeological sites in Mexico and Guatemala. This was at the invitation of the Guatemalan President Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo, at a time of improved diplomatic relations between the two countries. Cerezo presented him with an honorary medal, and Knorozov was able to extend his stay in the region, visiting several of the important Maya sites such as Tikal. The government of Mexico awarded him the Orden del Aguila Azteca (Order of the Aztec Eagle), the highest decoration awarded by Mexico to non-citizens, which was presented to him at a ceremony at the Mexican Embassy in Moscow on November 30, 1994. Knorozov had broad interest in, and contributed to, other investigative fields such as archaeology, semiotics, human migration to the Americas and the evolution of the mind. However, it is his contributions to the field of Maya studies for which he is best remembered. In his very last years, Knorozov is also known to have pointed to a place in the United States as the likely location of Chicomoztoc, the ancestral land from which, according to ancient documents and accounts considered mythical by a sizable number of scholars, indigenous peoples now living in Mexico are said to have come. https://store.earthstation1.com/popul-vuh-dvd-animated-mayan-hero-twins-creation-myth.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Jack Benny Presents Golden Memories Of Radio LPs CD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1980: #DOTD: #RIP: Jesse Owens, originally known as J.C., African American track and field athlete and four-time Olympic gold medalist in the 1936 Games (b. September 12, 1913) #dies with his wife and other family members at his bedside at age 66 in Tucson, Arizona of lung cancer, likely caused by smoking a pack of cigarettes a day starting at age 32. He is buried next to the Lake of Memories at Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago. Jesse Owens was born James Cleveland Owens, originally known as J.C., in Oakville, Alabama to sharecroppers Cleveland Owens and Mary Emma Fitzgerald. Jesse Owens specialized in the sprints and the long jump and was recognized in his lifetime as "perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history". He set three world records and tied another, all in less than an hour at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan-a feat that has never been equaled and has been called "the greatest 45 minutes ever in sport". He achieved international fame at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany by winning four gold medals: 100 meters, 200 meters, long jump, and 4 _ 100 meter relay. He was the most successful athlete at the Games and, as a black man, was credited with "single-handedly crushing Hitler's myth of Aryan supremacy", although he "wasn't invited to the White House to shake hands with the President, either". The Jesse Owens Award is USA Track and Field's highest accolade for the year's best track and field athlete. Owens was ranked by ESPN as the sixth greatest North American athlete of the 20th century and the highest-ranked in his sport. In 1999, he was on the six-man short-list for the BBC's Sports Personality of the Century. https://store.earthstation1.com/jack-benny-presents-golden-memories-of-radio-6-album-set-mp3-63.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Lux Radio Theatre w/ Cecil B. DeMille MP3 Set DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1931: #DOTD: #RIP: Knute Rockne, American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 wins and three national championships, regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history (b. March 4, 1888) #dies aged 43 in The 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air (now Trans World Airlines [TWA]) Fokker F-10 Crash near Bazaar, Kansas after taking off from Kansas City Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri while en route to participate in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame (released October 13, 1931) about him and his Fighting Irish. Rockne's unexpected death startled the nation and triggered a national outpouring of grief, comparable to the death of a president. President Herbert Hoover called Rockne's death "a national loss". King Haakon VII Of Norway posthumously knighted Rockne and sent a personal envoy, Olaf Bernts, Norwegian consul in Chicago, to Rockne's funeral. Rockne was buried in Highland Cemetery in South Bend, Indiana, the city adjacent to the Notre Dame campus. Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne in Voss, Norway, to smith and wagonmaker Lars Knutson Rokne (1858-1912) and his wife, Martha Pedersdatter Gjermo (1859-1944). He immigrated to Chicago with his parents when he was five years old, and grew up in the Logan Square area of Chicago, on the northwest side of the city. Knute Kenneth Rockne's biography at the College Football Hall of Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him as "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football. https://store.earthstation1.com/complete-lux-radio-theatre-2-dual-layer-mp3-dvds-cecil-b-demil23.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: War Jets: The Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe Sturmvogel DVD MP4 USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1945: The European Civil War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of World War II): Air Warfare Of World War II: Defections: German Defections During World War II: The Defection Of Hans Fay: -- Defecting Messerschmitt test pilot Hans Fay delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1 jet fighter aircraft to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands. The Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe (German: "Swallow") in fighter versions, or Sturmvogel (German: "Storm Bird") in fighter-bomber versions, was the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft. Design work started before World War II began, but problems with engines, metallurgy and top-level interference kept the aircraft from operational status with the Luftwaffe until mid-1944. The Me 262 was faster and more heavily armed than any Allied fighter, including the British jet-powered Gloster Meteor. One of the most advanced aviation designs in operational use during World War II, the Me 262's roles included light bomber, reconnaissance and experimental night fighter versions. Me 262 pilots claimed a total of 542 Allied aircraft shot down, although higher claims are sometimes made. The Allies countered its effectiveness in the air by attacking the aircraft on the ground and during takeoff and landing. Strategic materials shortages and design compromises on the Junkers Jumo 004 axial-flow turbojet engines led to reliability problems. Attacks by Allied forces on fuel supplies during the deteriorating late-war situation also reduced the effectiveness of the aircraft as a fighting force. Armament production within Germany was focused on more easily manufactured aircraft. In the end, the Me 262 had a negligible impact on the course of the war as a result of its late introduction and the consequently small numbers put in operational service. While German use of the aircraft ended with the close of World War II, a small number were operated by the Czechoslovak Air Force until 1951. It also heavily influenced several designs, such as Sukhoi Su-9 (1946) and Nakajima Kikka. Captured Me 262s were studied and flight tested by the major powers, and ultimately influenced the designs of post-war aircraft such as the North American F-86 Sabre, MiG-15 and Boeing B-47 Stratojet. Several aircraft survive on static display in museums, and there are several privately built flying reproductions that use modern General Electric J85 engines. https://store.earthstation1.com/war-jets-the-messerschmitt-me-262-schwalbe-262.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV Commercials: The Classics Vol. 9 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 2005: #DOTD: #RIP: Frank Perdue, American businessman (b. May 9, 1920) #dies according to Perdue company officials after a brief unspecified illness in Salisbury, Maryland at the age of 84. He is buried at Jerusalem United Methodist Church Cemetery in Parsonsburg, Maryland. Franklin Parsons "Frank" Perdue, born in Salisbury, Maryland, was for many years the president and CEO of Perdue Farms, now one of the largest chicken-producing companies in the United States. Perdue Farms was founded in 1920 by Arthur Perdue with his wife, Pearl Perdue who had been keeping a small flock of chickens. Their son, Frank, joined the company in 1939 at age 19 after dropping out of college. Now recognized as a visionary, Frank Perdue's promotion of the Perdue brand through high-profile advertising resulted in its being the first well-known brand of chicken in the U.S. He turned over leadership of Perdue Farms to his son, Jim Perdue, in 1991. Perdue Farms developed a specialized chicken-feed that included marigold blossoms, which imparted a characteristic golden yellow hue to the skins of his chickens. In the 1980s, Perdue twice sought assistance from then-Mafia boss Paul Castellano to fend off a union's effort to represent workers at his company, according to a federal commission on labor corruption. In 1971, Perdue Farm embarked on its first major advertising campaign and had contracted the firm of Scali, McCabe, Sloves. The firm came up with the idea of putting Perdue on television himself, with the tag line, "It takes a tough man to make a tender chicken." This was fairly radical because at the time, CEOs were not usually public spokespersons for their firms. The first commercial, shot in the city park in Salisbury, was ranked by Advertising Age as one of the best campaigns of the year. It was so successful that he went on to appear in over 200 of Perdue Farms' television commercials, although he was known for his shyness as well. Many of the commercials were known for Perdue actually encouraging people to voice any complaints or dissatisfaction with Perdue products, usually ending with Perdue stating "Say whatever you have to say; I can take it". Through this advertising, Perdue is credited with creating the first brand for chicken. https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-classics-vol-9-dv9.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Cane Toads: An Unnatural History Documentary DVD, MP4, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1937: Pests: Agricultural Pests: Cane Toads: -- In the month of March 1937, 62,000 toadlets were released into the wilds of Queensland, Australia. The toads became firmly established, increasing exponentially in number and extending their range into the Northern Territory and New South Wales. In 2010, one was found on the far western coast in Broome, Western Australia. The highly poisonous Cane Toad (Rhinella marina), the world's largest true toad, also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is native to South and mainland Central America, but it has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo. The cane toad is an old species. A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene in Colombia is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the R. marina habitat preferences have long been for open areas. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10-15 cm (4-6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a snout-vent length of 24 cm (9.4 in). The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Its toxic skin can kill many animals, both wild and domesticated, and cane toads are particularly dangerous to dogs. Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control. The common name of the species is derived from its use against the cane beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum), which damages sugar cane. The cane toad is now considered a pest and an invasive species in many of its introduced regions. The 1988 film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History documented the trials and tribulations of the introduction of cane toads in Australia. https://store.earthstation1.com/cane-toads-an-unnatural-history-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1942: World War II: The Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater, The Pacific Theater Of World War II): The Indian Ocean In World War II: The Indian Ocean Raid (Operation C, The Battle of Ceylon [The Battle Of Sri Lanka]): -- The Indian Ocean Raid, a naval sortie carried out by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) from March 31 to April 10, 1942, begins. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto issued the initial order to proceed with Operation C to the IJN's southern force, commanded by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, on March 9, 1942. By March 16, the plan was to depart from Staring Bay off the southeast peninsula of Celebes (modern Sulawesi) in Indonesia on March 26 for an attack on April 5 ("C Day") on Colombo, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The Japanese expected to destroy the British Eastern Fleet in port. The Japanese force, commanded by Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, had a core of five aircraft carriers; Akagi, Shokaku and Zuikaku in Carrier Division 5, and Soryu and Hiryu in Carrier Division 2. The carriers were accompanied by all four Kongo-class battlecruisers, and both Tone-class heavy cruisers. Japanese intelligence on the composition of the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean was reasonably accurate, while overestimating the air strength on Ceylon. The Easter Sunday Raid of April 5, 1942 ("C Day") was the most significant part of The Indian Ocean Raid, when Imperial Japanese Navy launched a carrier-based air attack on Colombo, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire were sunk by Japanese Aichi D3A dive bombers (Navy designation "Type 99 Carrier Bomber"; Allied reporting name "Val", which sank more Allied warships than any other Axis aircraft) southwest of the island; port and civilian facilities were damaged, and other ships, both in harbour and dispersed on the ocean, were sunk or damaged. The attacking Japanese aircraft were met by fighters of the Royal Air Force's (RAF) 222 Group, commanded by Air Vice-Marshal John D'Albiac, and the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA), and anti-aircraft artillery. The Japanese objective was to destroy the Ceylon-based British Eastern Fleet in harbour, but the British, due to advance warning from intelligence in March 1942, and air reconnaissance during the raid, preemptively dispersed their shipping from the harbours before the attacks to avoid damage. As a result of this intelligence, the bulk of the British Eastern Fleet was not found and survived. The raid demonstrated Ceylon's vulnerability, obviating that British forces were not prepared to face further Japanese carrier raids; accordinly, The Eastern Fleet relocated its main base to East Africa, and Ceylon was reinforced. On the final day of hte raid, April 10, 1942, Japanese aircraft carriers under Admiral Chuichi Nagumo struck Allied shipping and naval bases around British Ceylon (then a British Crown colony, now present-day Sri Lanka), but failed to locate and destroy the bulk of the British Eastern Fleet. The Eastern Fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir James Somerville, was forewarned by intelligence of the raid, and sailed from its bases prior to it; despite this intelligence, the Eastern Fleet's attempt to attack the Japanese was frustrated by poor tactical intelligence. Following The Indian Ocean Raid, the British expected a major Japanese offensive in the Indian Ocean. The Eastern Fleet relocated its main base to East Africa, from which it regularly deployed carrier task forces into the central and eastern Indian Oceans, and Ceylon was reinforced, but Somerville kept his fast carrier division, Force A, "...in Indian waters, to be ready to deal with any attempt by the enemy to command those waters with light forces only." However, the Japanese had no short-term plans to follow up on their success, and within the year their preoccupation with operations in the Pacific made it impossible for them to do so. https://store.earthstation1.com/winston-churchill-the-valiant-years-dvd-set-all-26-shows-7-d267.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The American Adventure: TV History Series 1607-1876 DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1850: #DOTD: John C. Calhoun, American lawyer, political theorist, politician and statesman, 7th Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832, the first American ever to resign the office of vice president, most remembered for strongly defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics, which he did in the context of defending white Southern interests from perceived Northern threats (b. March 18, 1782) #dies at the Old Brick Capitol boarding house in Washington, D.C. of tuberculosis,at the age of 68. The last words attributed to him were "The South, the poor South!" He was interred at St. Philip's Churchyard in Charleston, South Carolina. During the Civil War, a group of Calhoun's friends were concerned about the possible desecration of his grave by Federal troops and, during the night, removed his coffin to a hiding place under the stairs of the church. The next night, his coffin was buried in an unmarked grave near the church, where it remained until 1871 when it was again exhumed and returned to its original place. After Calhoun had died, an associate suggested that Senator Thomas Hart Benton give a eulogy in honor of Calhoun on the floor of the Senate. Benton, a devoted Unionist, declined, saying: "He is not dead, sir -- he is not dead. There may be no vitality in his body, but there is in his doctrines." The Clemson University campus in South Carolina occupies the site of Calhoun's Fort Hill plantation, which he bequeathed to his wife and daughter. They sold it and its 50 slaves to a relative. When that owner died, Thomas Green Clemson foreclosed the mortgage. He later bequeathed the property to the state for use as an agricultural college to be named after him. Calhoun's widow, Floride, died on July 25, 1866, and was buried in St. Paul's Episcopal Church Cemetery in Pendleton, South Carolina, near their children, but apart from her husband. John C. Calhoun was born John Caldwell Calhoun in Abbeville District, South Carolina. He began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs. By the late 1820s, his views reversed and he became a leading proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification, and opposition to high tariffs; he saw Northern acceptance of these policies as the only way to keep the South in the Union. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 1860-1861. Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction, Calhoun strongly supported the War Of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department. Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to gain support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority. He served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828. Calhoun had a difficult relationship with Jackson primarily due to the Nullification Crisis and the Petticoat affair. In contrast with his previous nationalism, Calhoun vigorously supported South Carolina's right to nullify federal tariff legislation he believed unfairly favored the North, putting him into conflict with unionists such as Jackson. In 1832, with only a few months remaining in his second term, he resigned as vice president and entered the Senate. He sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1844, but lost to surprise nominee James K. Polk, who went on to become president. Calhoun served as Secretary Of State under John Tyler from 1844 to 1845. As Secretary Of State, he supported the annexation of Texas as a means to extend the slave power, and helped settle the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. He then returned to the Senate, where he opposed the Mexican-American War, the Wilmot Proviso, and the Compromise Of 1850 before his death in 1850. Calhoun often served as a virtual party-independent who variously aligned as needed with Democrats and Whigs. Later in life, Calhoun became known as the "cast-iron man" for his rigid defense of white Southern beliefs and practices. His concept of republicanism emphasized approval of slavery and minority rights, as particularly embodied by the Southern states; he owned dozens of slaves in Fort Hill, South Carolina. Calhoun also asserted that slavery, rather than being a "necessary evil", was a "positive good", benefiting both slaves and slave owners. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it felt infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states' rights and nullification, through which states could declare null and void federal laws that they viewed as unconstitutional. Calhoun was one of the "Great Triumvirate" or the "Immortal Trio" of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee headed by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest United States Senators of all time. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-american-adventure-series-us-1st-century-4-dv14.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The American Diary: US History 1895-1933 TV Series DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1913: #DOTD: J. P. Morgan, American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in the United States of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (b. April 17, 1837) #dies in his sleep at the Grand Hotel Plaza in Rome, Italy just shy of his 76th birthday. His body was brought back to America aboard the French Line passenger ship SS France. Flags on Wall Street flew at half-staff, and in an honor usually reserved for heads of state, the stock market closed for two hours when his body passed through New York City. His body was brought to lie in his home and adjacent library the first night of arrival in New York City. His remains were interred in the Cedar Hill Cemetery in his birthplace of Hartford, Connecticut. He left his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan Jr.. Biographer Ron Chernow estimated his fortune at "only" 80M USD, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say: "and to think, he wasn't even a rich man". John Pierpont Morgan Sr. arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1892 to form General Electric. He also played important roles in the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and ATAmpersandT. At the height of Morgan's career during the early twentieth century, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and had significant influence over the nation's high finance and United States Congress members. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907. He was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Adrian Wooldridge characterized Morgan as America's "greatest banker". https://store.earthstation1.com/american-diary-complete-us-historytv-series-2-dual-layer-dvd2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Great American Bailout 1988 S & L Election Scandal DVD MP4 USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 2014: #DOTD: Charles Keating, American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, financier, and activist best known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s (b. December 4, 1923) #dies in a Phoenix, Arizona hospital at age 90, after an undisclosed illness of several weeks. He is buried in Gate Of Heaven Cemetery in Montgomery, Ohio. Charles Keating was born Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. in Cincinnati, Ohio. Keating was a champion swimmer for the University of Cincinnati in the 1940s. From the late 1950s through the 1970s, he was a noted anti-pornography activist, founding the organization Citizens for Decent Literature and serving as a member on the 1969 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. In the 1980s, Keating ran American Continental Corporation and the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, and took advantage of loosened restrictions on banking investments. His enterprises began to suffer financial problems and were investigated by federal regulators. His financial contributions to, and requests for regulatory intervention from five sitting U.S. senators led to those legislators being dubbed the "Keating Five". When Lincoln failed in 1989 it cost the federal government over 3B USD and about 23,000 customers were left with worthless bonds. In the early 1990s, Keating was convicted in both federal and state courts of many counts of fraud, racketeering and conspiracy. He served four and a half years in prison before those convictions were overturned in 1996. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to a more limited set of wire fraud and bankruptcy fraud counts, and was sentenced to the time he had already served. Keating spent his final years in low-profile real estate activities until his death. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-great-american-bailout-dvd-1988-sampl-crisis-election-sca1988.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: NBC University Theater Of The Air Literature Radio Series MP3 DVD USB
Today, March 31, 2026
March 31, 1855: #DOTD: #RIP: Charlotte Bronte, English novelist and poet (b. April 21, 1816) #dies with her unborn child, three weeks before her 39th birthday. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as phthisis, i.e. consumption (not tuberculosis, which was only one of many diseases included in this now outdated classification), but biographers including Claire Harman and others suggest that she died from dehydration and malnourishment due to vomiting caused by severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum, a pregnancy complication that is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and possibly dehydration. Bronte is buried in the family vault in the Church of St Michael and All Angels at Haworth, Yorkshire, England. She was the eldest of the three Bronte sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels became classics of English literature. She enlisted in school at Roe Head in January 1831, aged 14 years. She left the year after to teach her sisters, Emily and Anne, at home, returning in 1835 as a governess. In 1839 she undertook the role as governess for the Sidgwick family but left after a few months to return to Haworth where the sisters opened a school, but failed to attract pupils. Instead, they turned to writing and they each first published in 1846 under the pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. While her first novel, The Professor, was rejected by publishers, her second novel, Jane Eyre, was published in 1847. The sisters admitted to their Bell pseudonyms in 1848, and by the following year were celebrated in London literary circles.Bronte was the last to die of all her siblings. She became pregnant shortly after her marriage in June 1854 but died on 31 March 1855, almost certainly from hyperemesis gravidarum, a complication of pregnancy which causes excessive nausea and vomiting. https://store.earthstation1.com/nbc-university-theater-of-the-air-otr-mp3-dv3.html